Transformers: the Google scientists who pioneered an AI revolution

Raw Text

Accessibility help

Skip to navigation

Skip to content

Skip to footer

Sign In

Subscribe

Open side navigation menu

Open search bar

Financial Times

Subscribe

Sign In

myFT

Close search bar

Home

World Sections World Home Global Economy UK US China Africa Asia Pacific Emerging Markets Europe War in Ukraine Americas Middle East & North Africa Australia & NZ Most Read Spain faces uncertain political future after election deadlock Billionaire donors cool on Ron DeSantis over rightwing policies Sydney almost eliminates HIV transmission in global first Federal Reserve to signal it is not done yet on interest rate rises Conservative mistakes helped Pedro Sanchez halt Vox’s march in Spain

US Sections US Home US Economy US Companies US Politics & Policy Most Read

Companies Sections Companies Home Energy Financials Health Industrials Media Professional Services Retail & Consumer Tech Sector Telecoms Transport Most Read How Deutsche Bank’s 13-year attempt to kill off an IT system finally worked Adidas scores a hit with first batch of unsold Yeezy shoes How the sky became the limit for France’s Rafale jet Work dries up for US consultancies in China after national security raids ‘Barbenheimer’ delivers year’s biggest opening weekend at North American box offices

Tech

Markets Sections Markets Home Alphaville Markets Data Cryptofinance Capital Markets Commodities Currencies Equities Fund Management Trading Moral Money ETF Hub Most Read Live news: Adidas upgrades outlook on ‘positive impact’ from Yeezy inventory sale Sam Altman’s Worldcoin crypto project begins international rollout US junk loan market hit with flurry of credit rating downgrades Ukraine war casts a shadow over Vladimir Putin’s summit with African leaders The government needs to be far bolder on pension reform

Climate

Opinion Sections Opinion Home Columnists The FT View Lex Obituaries Letters Most Read Tattoos have reached a turning point at work Israeli democracy is fighting for its life Barbie is a rare winner in the corporate culture wars Generation Rent is at the sharp end of rate rises The rise of AI forces us to reinterpret our human intelligence

Work & Careers Sections Work & Careers Home Business School Rankings Business Education Entrepreneurship Recruitment Business Books Business Travel Most Read Cait Hewitt: ‘I hope the era of aviation exceptionalism is over’ Women in football fail to score top jobs off the pitch

Life & Arts Sections Life & Arts Home Arts Books Food & Drink FT Magazine House & Home Style Travel FT Globetrotter Most Read Don’t forget to pack these gadgets... Director Christopher Nolan: ‘Oppenheimer is absolutely a cautionary tale’ How a squad of MAGA warriors flush with cash turned on each other Five solo adventures for mind, body and soul How I learnt to live with shyness

HTSI

Menu

Search

Home

World

US

Companies

Tech

Markets

Climate

Opinion

Work & Careers

Life & Arts

HTSI

Financial Times

Subscribe

Sign In

Close search bar

Be a global citizen.

Gain a global perspective on the US and go beyond with curated news and analysis from 600 journalists in 50+ countries covering politics, business, innovation, trends and more.

Subscribe to unlock this article

Try unlimited access

Then $69 per month

New customers only

Cancel anytime during your trial

Then $69 per month

New customers only

Cancel anytime during your trial

Keep reading for $1 Purchase a Trial subscription for $1 for 4 weeks You will be billed $69 per month after the trial ends

What is included in my trial?

During your trial you will have complete digital access to FT.com with everything in both of our Standard Digital and Premium Digital packages.

Standard Digital includes access to a wealth of global news, analysis and expert opinion. Premium Digital includes access to our premier business column, Lex, as well as 15 curated newsletters covering key business themes with original, in-depth reporting. For a full comparison of Standard and Premium Digital, click here .

Change the plan you will roll onto at any time during your trial by visiting the “Settings & Account” section.

What happens at the end of my trial?

If you do nothing, you will be auto-enrolled in our premium digital monthly subscription plan and retain complete access for $69 per month.

For cost savings, you can change your plan at any time online in the “Settings & Account” section. If you’d like to retain your premium access and save 20%, you can opt to pay annually at the end of the trial.

You may also opt to downgrade to Standard Digital, a robust journalistic offering that fulfils many user’s needs. Compare Standard and Premium Digital here .

Any changes made can be done at any time and will become effective at the end of the trial period, allowing you to retain full access for 4 weeks, even if you downgrade or cancel.

When can I cancel?

You may change or cancel your subscription or trial at any time online. Simply log into Settings & Account and select "Cancel" on the right-hand side.

You can still enjoy your subscription until the end of your current billing period.

What forms of payment can I use?

We support credit card, debit card and PayPal payments.

about Trial

Explore our subscriptions

Individual

Find the plan that suits you best.

Digital

Print

Print + digital

Professional

Premium access for businesses and educational institutions.

Get Started

Check if your university or organisation offers FT membership to read for free.

Cookies on FT Sites

We use cookies and other data for a number of reasons, such as keeping FT Sites reliable and secure, personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to analyse how our Sites are used.

Accept cookies

Manage cookies

Useful links

Support

View Site Tips

Help Centre

Contact Us

About Us

Accessibility

myFT Tour

Careers

Legal & Privacy

Terms & Conditions

Privacy Policy

Cookies

Copyright

Slavery Statement & Policies

Services

Share News Tips Securely

Individual Subscriptions

Professional Subscriptions

Republishing

Executive Job Search

Advertise with the FT

Follow the FT on Twitter

FT Channels

FT Schools

Tools

Portfolio

Today's Newspaper (ePaper)

Alerts Hub

Business School Rankings

Enterprise Tools

News feed

Newsletters

Currency Converter

Community & Events

FT Community

FT Live Events

FT Forums

FT Board Director

Board Director Programme

More from the FT Group

FT Editorial Code of Practice

Close side navigation menu

Financial Times

International Edition

Subscribe for full access

Search

Switch to UK Edition

Top sections

Home

World Show more World Global Economy UK US China Africa Asia Pacific Emerging Markets Europe War in Ukraine Americas Middle East & North Africa Australia & NZ

US Show more US US Economy US Companies US Politics & Policy

Companies Show more Companies Energy Financials Health Industrials Media Professional Services Retail & Consumer Tech Sector Telecoms Transport

Tech

Markets Show more Markets Alphaville Markets Data Cryptofinance Capital Markets Commodities Currencies Equities Fund Management Trading Moral Money ETF Hub

Climate

Opinion Show more Opinion Columnists The FT View Lex Obituaries Letters

Work & Careers Show more Work & Careers Business School Rankings Business Education Entrepreneurship Recruitment Business Books Business Travel

Life & Arts Show more Life & Arts Arts Books Food & Drink FT Magazine House & Home Style Travel FT Globetrotter

Personal Finance Show more Personal Finance Property & Mortgages Investments Pensions Tax Banking & Savings Advice & Comment Next Act

HTSI

Special Reports

FT recommends

Lex

Alphaville

Lunch with the FT

FT Globetrotter

#techAsia

Moral Money

Visual and data journalism

Newsletters

Video

Podcasts

News feed

FT Live Events

FT Forums

Board Director Programme

myFT

Portfolio

Today's Newspaper (ePaper)

Crossword

Our Apps

Help Centre

Subscribe

Sign In

Single Line Text

Accessibility help. Skip to navigation. Skip to content. Skip to footer. Sign In. Subscribe. Open side navigation menu. Open search bar. Financial Times. Subscribe. Sign In. myFT. Close search bar. Home. World Sections World Home Global Economy UK US China Africa Asia Pacific Emerging Markets Europe War in Ukraine Americas Middle East & North Africa Australia & NZ Most Read Spain faces uncertain political future after election deadlock Billionaire donors cool on Ron DeSantis over rightwing policies Sydney almost eliminates HIV transmission in global first Federal Reserve to signal it is not done yet on interest rate rises Conservative mistakes helped Pedro Sanchez halt Vox’s march in Spain. US Sections US Home US Economy US Companies US Politics & Policy Most Read. Companies Sections Companies Home Energy Financials Health Industrials Media Professional Services Retail & Consumer Tech Sector Telecoms Transport Most Read How Deutsche Bank’s 13-year attempt to kill off an IT system finally worked Adidas scores a hit with first batch of unsold Yeezy shoes How the sky became the limit for France’s Rafale jet Work dries up for US consultancies in China after national security raids ‘Barbenheimer’ delivers year’s biggest opening weekend at North American box offices. Tech. Markets Sections Markets Home Alphaville Markets Data Cryptofinance Capital Markets Commodities Currencies Equities Fund Management Trading Moral Money ETF Hub Most Read Live news: Adidas upgrades outlook on ‘positive impact’ from Yeezy inventory sale Sam Altman’s Worldcoin crypto project begins international rollout US junk loan market hit with flurry of credit rating downgrades Ukraine war casts a shadow over Vladimir Putin’s summit with African leaders The government needs to be far bolder on pension reform. Climate. Opinion Sections Opinion Home Columnists The FT View Lex Obituaries Letters Most Read Tattoos have reached a turning point at work Israeli democracy is fighting for its life Barbie is a rare winner in the corporate culture wars Generation Rent is at the sharp end of rate rises The rise of AI forces us to reinterpret our human intelligence. Work & Careers Sections Work & Careers Home Business School Rankings Business Education Entrepreneurship Recruitment Business Books Business Travel Most Read Cait Hewitt: ‘I hope the era of aviation exceptionalism is over’ Women in football fail to score top jobs off the pitch. Life & Arts Sections Life & Arts Home Arts Books Food & Drink FT Magazine House & Home Style Travel FT Globetrotter Most Read Don’t forget to pack these gadgets... Director Christopher Nolan: ‘Oppenheimer is absolutely a cautionary tale’ How a squad of MAGA warriors flush with cash turned on each other Five solo adventures for mind, body and soul How I learnt to live with shyness. HTSI. Menu. Search. Home. World. US. Companies. Tech. Markets. Climate. Opinion. Work & Careers. Life & Arts. HTSI. Financial Times. Subscribe. Sign In. Close search bar. Be a global citizen. Gain a global perspective on the US and go beyond with curated news and analysis from 600 journalists in 50+ countries covering politics, business, innovation, trends and more. Subscribe to unlock this article. Try unlimited access. Then $69 per month. New customers only. Cancel anytime during your trial. Then $69 per month. New customers only. Cancel anytime during your trial. Keep reading for $1 Purchase a Trial subscription for $1 for 4 weeks You will be billed $69 per month after the trial ends. What is included in my trial? During your trial you will have complete digital access to FT.com with everything in both of our Standard Digital and Premium Digital packages. Standard Digital includes access to a wealth of global news, analysis and expert opinion. Premium Digital includes access to our premier business column, Lex, as well as 15 curated newsletters covering key business themes with original, in-depth reporting. For a full comparison of Standard and Premium Digital, click here . Change the plan you will roll onto at any time during your trial by visiting the “Settings & Account” section. What happens at the end of my trial? If you do nothing, you will be auto-enrolled in our premium digital monthly subscription plan and retain complete access for $69 per month. For cost savings, you can change your plan at any time online in the “Settings & Account” section. If you’d like to retain your premium access and save 20%, you can opt to pay annually at the end of the trial. You may also opt to downgrade to Standard Digital, a robust journalistic offering that fulfils many user’s needs. Compare Standard and Premium Digital here . Any changes made can be done at any time and will become effective at the end of the trial period, allowing you to retain full access for 4 weeks, even if you downgrade or cancel. When can I cancel? You may change or cancel your subscription or trial at any time online. Simply log into Settings & Account and select "Cancel" on the right-hand side. You can still enjoy your subscription until the end of your current billing period. What forms of payment can I use? We support credit card, debit card and PayPal payments. about Trial. Explore our subscriptions. Individual. Find the plan that suits you best. Digital. Print. Print + digital. Professional. Premium access for businesses and educational institutions. Get Started. Check if your university or organisation offers FT membership to read for free. Cookies on FT Sites. We use cookies and other data for a number of reasons, such as keeping FT Sites reliable and secure, personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to analyse how our Sites are used. Accept cookies. Manage cookies. Useful links. Support. View Site Tips. Help Centre. Contact Us. About Us. Accessibility. myFT Tour. Careers. Legal & Privacy. Terms & Conditions. Privacy Policy. Cookies. Copyright. Slavery Statement & Policies. Services. Share News Tips Securely. Individual Subscriptions. Professional Subscriptions. Republishing. Executive Job Search. Advertise with the FT. Follow the FT on Twitter. FT Channels. FT Schools. Tools. Portfolio. Today's Newspaper (ePaper) Alerts Hub. Business School Rankings. Enterprise Tools. News feed. Newsletters. Currency Converter. Community & Events. FT Community. FT Live Events. FT Forums. FT Board Director. Board Director Programme. More from the FT Group. FT Editorial Code of Practice. Close side navigation menu. Financial Times. International Edition. Subscribe for full access. Search. Switch to UK Edition. Top sections. Home. World Show more World Global Economy UK US China Africa Asia Pacific Emerging Markets Europe War in Ukraine Americas Middle East & North Africa Australia & NZ. US Show more US US Economy US Companies US Politics & Policy. Companies Show more Companies Energy Financials Health Industrials Media Professional Services Retail & Consumer Tech Sector Telecoms Transport. Tech. Markets Show more Markets Alphaville Markets Data Cryptofinance Capital Markets Commodities Currencies Equities Fund Management Trading Moral Money ETF Hub. Climate. Opinion Show more Opinion Columnists The FT View Lex Obituaries Letters. Work & Careers Show more Work & Careers Business School Rankings Business Education Entrepreneurship Recruitment Business Books Business Travel. Life & Arts Show more Life & Arts Arts Books Food & Drink FT Magazine House & Home Style Travel FT Globetrotter. Personal Finance Show more Personal Finance Property & Mortgages Investments Pensions Tax Banking & Savings Advice & Comment Next Act. HTSI. Special Reports. FT recommends. Lex. Alphaville. Lunch with the FT. FT Globetrotter. #techAsia. Moral Money. Visual and data journalism. Newsletters. Video. Podcasts. News feed. FT Live Events. FT Forums. Board Director Programme. myFT. Portfolio. Today's Newspaper (ePaper) Crossword. Our Apps. Help Centre. Subscribe. Sign In.