Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Metabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: A Narrative Review
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2023 Jan 30;15(3):702.
doi: 10.3390/nu15030702.
Valeria Calcaterra  1  2 ,
Hellas Cena  3  4 ,
Vittoria Carlotta Magenes  2 ,
Alessandra Vincenti  3 ,
Giulia Comola  2 ,
Alice Beretta  3 ,
Ilaria Di Napoli  3 ,
Gianvincenzo Zuccotti  2  5
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Affiliations
1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
2 Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy.
3 Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
4 Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
5 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy.
PMID: 36771409
PMCID: PMC9918944
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030702
Free PMC article
Valeria Calcaterra  et al.
Nutrients .
2023 .
Free PMC article
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Search in PubMed
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.
2023 Jan 30;15(3):702.
doi: 10.3390/nu15030702.
Authors
Valeria Calcaterra  1  2 ,
Hellas Cena  3  4 ,
Vittoria Carlotta Magenes  2 ,
Alessandra Vincenti  3 ,
Giulia Comola  2 ,
Alice Beretta  3 ,
Ilaria Di Napoli  3 ,
Gianvincenzo Zuccotti  2  5
Affiliations
1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
2 Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy.
3 Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
4 Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
5 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy.
PMID: 36771409
PMCID: PMC9918944
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030702
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Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are major contributors of free sugars to the diet. A strong relationship between SSB intake and weight gain is described.
Methods: we performed a narrative review to present an overview of the role of SSBs as a pivotal contributor in the development of obesity and metabolism-related complications.
Results: different factors influence SSB consumption in children, including economic variables, individual attributes and behaviors to environmental factors, parent features and parents' behaviors. Data suggest that SSB intake has a negative effect on weight and obesity-related diseases. The leading mechanism linking SSB intake to the risk of gaining weight is decreased satiety and incomplete compensatory reduction in energy intake at meals following ingestion of liquid calories. Additionally, the effects of SSBs on gut microbiota and on eating behaviors were also reported. An association between SSB intake, weight gain and cardiometabolic risks is evident. Consumption of SSBs had a significant impact on the prevalence of obesity and related metabolic risks, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions: Limiting consumption of SSBs and increasing knowledge of the effect of SSBs on early metabolic and cardiovascular disorders will be useful in developing strategies to counteract the problem and to prevent obesity and related complications.Key future research areas for which further studies are needed include investigating the long-term effects of SSBs on health outcomes as well as analyzing the health effects of sugar consumed in solid compared to liquid forms and further elucidating the biological mechanisms of sugar addiction and energy compensation.
Keywords: adolescents; childhood obesity; children; metabolic syndrome; sugar-sweetened beverages.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Figures
Figure 1
Complications related to obesity (created…
Figure 1
Complications related to obesity (created with biorender.com).
Figure 2
Studies selected.
Figure 2
Studies selected.
See this image and copyright information in PMC
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References
Bradwisch S.A., Smith E.M., Mooney C., Scaccia D. Obesity in Children and Adolescents: An Overview. Nursing. 2020;50:60–66. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000718908.20119.01. - DOI - PubMed
Abarca-Gomez L., Abdeen Z.A., Hamid Z.A., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Acosta-Cazares B., Acuin C., Adams R.J., Aekplakorn W., Afsana K., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., et al. Worldwide Trends in Body-Mass Index, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity from 1975 to 2016: A Pooled Analysis of 2416 Population-Based Measurement Studies in 128·9 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627–2642. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Chen Y.Y., Wang J.P., Jiang Y.Y., Li H., Hu Y.H., Lee K.O., Li G.W. Fasting Plasma Insulin at 5 Years of Age Predicted Subsequent Weight Increase in Early Childhood over a 5-Year Period—The Da Qing Children Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0127389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127389. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., Flegal K.M. Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA. 2014;311:806. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.732. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kelly A.S., Barlow S.E., Rao G., Inge T.H., Hayman L.L., Steinberger J., Urbina E.M., Ewing L.J., Daniels S.R. Severe Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Identification, Associated Health Risks, and Treatment Approaches: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128:1689–1712. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3. - DOI - PubMed
Publication types
Review Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
MeSH terms
Adolescent Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Beverages / adverse effects Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Child Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / epidemiology Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / etiology Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Humans Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Pediatric Obesity* / complications Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Pediatric Obesity* / etiology Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages* / adverse effects Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Sugars Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Weight Gain Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
Substances
Sugars Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search
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Search in PubMed. Search in NLM Catalog. Add to Search. . 2023 Jan 30;15(3):702. doi: 10.3390/nu15030702. Valeria Calcaterra  1  2 , Hellas Cena  3  4 , Vittoria Carlotta Magenes  2 , Alessandra Vincenti  3 , Giulia Comola  2 , Alice Beretta  3 , Ilaria Di Napoli  3 , Gianvincenzo Zuccotti  2  5. Expand. Affiliations. 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 2 Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy. 3 Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 4 Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 5 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy. PMID: 36771409. PMCID: PMC9918944. DOI: 10.3390/nu15030702. Free PMC article. Valeria Calcaterra  et al. Nutrients . 2023 . Free PMC article. Show details. Display options. Format. Search in PubMed. Search in NLM Catalog. Add to Search. . 2023 Jan 30;15(3):702. doi: 10.3390/nu15030702. Authors. Valeria Calcaterra  1  2 , Hellas Cena  3  4 , Vittoria Carlotta Magenes  2 , Alessandra Vincenti  3 , Giulia Comola  2 , Alice Beretta  3 , Ilaria Di Napoli  3 , Gianvincenzo Zuccotti  2  5. Affiliations. 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 2 Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy. 3 Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 4 Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Service, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy. 5 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy. PMID: 36771409. PMCID: PMC9918944. DOI: 10.3390/nu15030702. Cite. Display options. Format. Abstract. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are major contributors of free sugars to the diet. A strong relationship between SSB intake and weight gain is described. Methods: we performed a narrative review to present an overview of the role of SSBs as a pivotal contributor in the development of obesity and metabolism-related complications. Results: different factors influence SSB consumption in children, including economic variables, individual attributes and behaviors to environmental factors, parent features and parents' behaviors. Data suggest that SSB intake has a negative effect on weight and obesity-related diseases. The leading mechanism linking SSB intake to the risk of gaining weight is decreased satiety and incomplete compensatory reduction in energy intake at meals following ingestion of liquid calories. Additionally, the effects of SSBs on gut microbiota and on eating behaviors were also reported. An association between SSB intake, weight gain and cardiometabolic risks is evident. Consumption of SSBs had a significant impact on the prevalence of obesity and related metabolic risks, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Limiting consumption of SSBs and increasing knowledge of the effect of SSBs on early metabolic and cardiovascular disorders will be useful in developing strategies to counteract the problem and to prevent obesity and related complications.Key future research areas for which further studies are needed include investigating the long-term effects of SSBs on health outcomes as well as analyzing the health effects of sugar consumed in solid compared to liquid forms and further elucidating the biological mechanisms of sugar addiction and energy compensation. Keywords: adolescents; childhood obesity; children; metabolic syndrome; sugar-sweetened beverages. Conflict of interest statement. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figures. Figure 1. Complications related to obesity (created… Figure 1. Complications related to obesity (created with biorender.com). Figure 2. Studies selected. Figure 2. Studies selected. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Similar articles. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H, Rehfuess E. von Philipsborn P, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 12;6(6):CD012292. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012292.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. PMID: 31194900 Free PMC article. Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Hu FB. Hu FB. Obes Rev. 2013 Aug;14(8):606-19. doi: 10.1111/obr.12040. Epub 2013 Jun 13. Obes Rev. 2013. PMID: 23763695 Free PMC article. Review. The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases. Malik VS, Hu FB. Malik VS, et al. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022 Apr;18(4):205-218. doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00627-6. Epub 2022 Jan 21. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022. PMID: 35064240 Free PMC article. Review. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence. Hu FB, Malik VS. Hu FB, et al. Physiol Behav. 2010 Apr 26;100(1):47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.036. Epub 2010 Feb 6. Physiol Behav. 2010. PMID: 20138901 Free PMC article. Beverage Consumption and Growth, Size, Body Composition, and Risk of Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review [Internet]. Mayer-Davis E, Leidy H, Mattes R, Naimi T, Novotny R, Schneeman B, Kingshipp BJ, Spill M, Cole NC, Bahnfleth CL, Butera G, Terry N, Obbagy J. Mayer-Davis E, et al. Alexandria (VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review; 2020 Jul. Alexandria (VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review; 2020 Jul. PMID: 35349233 Free Books & Documents. Review. See all similar articles. References. Bradwisch S.A., Smith E.M., Mooney C., Scaccia D. Obesity in Children and Adolescents: An Overview. Nursing. 2020;50:60–66. doi: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000718908.20119.01. - DOI - PubMed. Abarca-Gomez L., Abdeen Z.A., Hamid Z.A., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Acosta-Cazares B., Acuin C., Adams R.J., Aekplakorn W., Afsana K., Aguilar-Salinas C.A., et al. Worldwide Trends in Body-Mass Index, Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity from 1975 to 2016: A Pooled Analysis of 2416 Population-Based Measurement Studies in 128·9 Million Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627–2642. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed. Chen Y.Y., Wang J.P., Jiang Y.Y., Li H., Hu Y.H., Lee K.O., Li G.W. Fasting Plasma Insulin at 5 Years of Age Predicted Subsequent Weight Increase in Early Childhood over a 5-Year Period—The Da Qing Children Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0127389. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127389. - DOI - PMC - PubMed. Ogden C.L., Carroll M.D., Kit B.K., Flegal K.M. Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA. 2014;311:806. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.732. - DOI - PMC - PubMed. Kelly A.S., Barlow S.E., Rao G., Inge T.H., Hayman L.L., Steinberger J., Urbina E.M., Ewing L.J., Daniels S.R. Severe Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Identification, Associated Health Risks, and Treatment Approaches: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128:1689–1712. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3. - DOI - PubMed. Publication types. Review Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. MeSH terms. Adolescent Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Beverages / adverse effects Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Child Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / epidemiology Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / etiology Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Humans Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Pediatric Obesity* / complications Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Pediatric Obesity* / etiology Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages* / adverse effects Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Sugars Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Weight Gain Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Substances. Sugars Actions Search in PubMed Search in MeSH Add to Search. Grant support. LinkOut - more resources. Full Text Sources Europe PubMed Central MDPI PubMed Central. Medical Genetic Alliance MedlinePlus Health Information.